Pokharā
पोखरा |
| City |
|
Top: View of the Annapurna Range from Pokhara; Center: Panorama of Pokhara; Bottom from left: Pokhara Valley, the Talbarahi Mandir in Phewa Tal, World Peace Pagoda in Pokhara. |
| Motto: Clean Pokhara; Green Pokhara |
|
Location in Nepal
|
Coordinates:  28°15′50″N 83°58′20″ECoordinates: 28°15′50″N 83°58′20″E |
| Country |
 Nepal |
| Development Region |
Western |
| Zone |
Gandaki Zone |
| District |
Kaski District |
| Incorporated |
1962 |
| Area |
| • Total |
55.22 km2 (21.32 sq mi) |
| • Water |
4.4 km2 (1.7 sq mi) |
| Highest elevation |
1,740 m (5,710 ft) |
| Lowest elevation |
827 m (2,713 ft) |
| Population (2013) |
| • Total |
264,991 |
| • Density |
4,799/km2 (12,430/sq mi) |
| • Ethnicities |
Gurung, Magar, Khas (Brahmin, Chhetri & Dalits), Newar, Thakali |
| • Religions |
Hinduism, Buddhism |
| Time zone |
GMT +5:45 |
| Postal Code |
33700 (WRPD), 33702, 33704, 33706, 33708, 33713 |
| Area code(s) |
+61 |
Pokhara Sub-Metropolitan City (Nepali: पोखरा उप-महानगरपालिका Pokhara Upa-Mahanagarpalika) is the third
[1] largest city of
Nepal with area 55.22 sq.km and population of 264,991
[2] inhabitants and is situated about 200 km west of the capital
Kathmandu.
[3] It serves as the headquarters of
Kaski District,
Gandaki Zone and the
Western Development Region.
[4] Pokhara is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Nepal.
[5] Three out of the ten highest mountains in the world —
Dhaulagiri,
Annapurna I and
Manaslu
— are situated within 30 miles (linear distance) of the city, so that
the northern skyline of the city offers a very close view of the
Himalayas.
[6] Due to its proximity to the Annapurna mountain range, the city is also a base for trekkers undertaking the
Annapurna Circuit through the
ACAP region
[7] of the
Annapurna ranges in the
Himalayas.
Geography
Pokhara is situated in the northwestern corner of the
Pokhara Valley,
[8] which is a widening of the
Seti Gandaki valley that lies in the midland region (
Pahad) of the
Himalayas. In this region the mountains rise very quickly
[9]
and within 30 km, the elevation rises from 1,000 m to over 7,500 m. As a
result of this sharp rise in altitude the area of Pokhara has one of
the highest precipitation rates in the country (3,350 mm/year or
131 inches/year in the valley to 5600 mm/year or 222 inches/year in
Lumle).
[10]
Even within the city there is a noticeable difference in rainfall
between the south and the north of the city, the northern part of the
city situated at the foothills of the mountains experiences
proportionally higher amount of precipitation. The Seti Gandaki is the
main river flowing through the city.
[11]
The Seti Gandaki (White River) and its tributaries have created several
gorges and canyons in and around the whole city which gives
intriguingly long sections of terrace features to the city and
surrounding areas. These long sections of terraces are interrupted by
gorges which are hundreds of meters deep.
[12]
The Seti gorge runs through the whole city from north to south and then
west to east and at places these gorges are only a few metres wide. In
the north and south, the canyons are wider.
[13]
In the south the city borders on
Phewa Tal (4.4 km
2) at an elevation of about 827 m above sea level, and
Lumle at 1,740 m in the north of the city touches the base of the
Annapurna mountain range. 3 eight-thousand meter tall peaks (
Dhaulagiri,
Annapurna,
Manaslu) can be seen from the city.
[14] The
Machhapuchhre (
Fishtail) with an elevation of 6,993 m is the closest to the city.
[15]
The porous underground of the Pokhara valley favours the formation of
caves and several caves can be found within the city limits. In the
south of the city, a tributary of the Seti flowing out of the
Phewa Lake disappears at
Patale Chhango
(पाताले छाँगो, Nepali for Hell's Falls, also called Davis Falls, after
someone who supposedly fell into the falls) into an underground gorge,
to reappear 500 metres further south.
[16][17] To the south-east of Pokhara city is the municipality of
Lekhnath, a recently established town in the Pokhara valley, home to
Begnas Lake.
[18]
Climate
The climate of the city is sub-tropical; however, the elevation keeps
temperatures moderate: summer temperatures average between 25 to 35 °C,
in winter around - 2 to 15 °C. Pokhara and nearby areas receive a high
amount of precipitation.
Lumle,
25 miles from the Pokhara city center, receives the highest amount of
rainfall (> 5600 mm/year or 222 inches/year) in the country.
[19]
Snowfall is not observed in the valley, but surrounding hills
experience occasional snowfall in the winter. Summers are humid and
mild; most precipitation occurs during the monsoon season (July -
September). Winter and spring skies are generally clear and sunny.
[20]
| [hide]Climate data for Pokhara (1960-1980) |
| Month |
Jan |
Feb |
Mar |
Apr |
May |
Jun |
Jul |
Aug |
Sep |
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
Year |
| Record high °C (°F) |
22.0
(71.6) |
28.2
(82.8) |
33.1
(91.6) |
37.4
(99.3) |
35.0
(95) |
33.4
(92.1) |
32.4
(90.3) |
32.4
(90.3) |
31.0
(87.8) |
29.8
(85.6) |
27.0
(80.6) |
23.3
(73.9) |
37.4
(99.3) |
| Average high °C (°F) |
18.8
(65.8) |
21.2
(70.2) |
26.4
(79.5) |
29.8
(85.6) |
29.6
(85.3) |
29.6
(85.3) |
29.1
(84.4) |
29.0
(84.2) |
27.8
(82) |
25.6
(78.1) |
22.8
(73) |
19.5
(67.1) |
25.8
(78.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) |
12.6
(54.7) |
13.6
(56.5) |
19.2
(66.6) |
22.6
(72.7) |
23.8
(74.8) |
24.8
(76.6) |
25.0
(77) |
25.0
(77) |
24.0
(75.2) |
21.2
(70.2) |
16.8
(62.2) |
13.3
(55.9) |
20.2
(68.4) |
| Average low °C (°F) |
6.4
(43.5) |
6.0
(42.8) |
12.0
(53.6) |
15.4
(59.7) |
18.0
(64.4) |
20.0
(68) |
20.9
(69.6) |
21.0
(69.8) |
20.2
(68.4) |
16.8
(62.2) |
10.8
(51.4) |
7.1
(44.8) |
14.6
(58.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) |
1.8
(35.2) |
3.0
(37.4) |
5.0
(41) |
6.0
(42.8) |
8.0
(46.4) |
12.0
(53.6) |
13.0
(55.4) |
13.8
(56.8) |
15.9
(60.6) |
10.4
(50.7) |
4.0
(39.2) |
3.9
(39) |
1.8
(35.2) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) |
26
(1.02) |
25
(0.98) |
50
(1.97) |
87
(3.43) |
292
(11.5) |
569
(22.4) |
809
(31.85) |
705
(27.76) |
581
(22.87) |
224
(8.82) |
19
(0.75) |
1
(0.04) |
3,388
(133.39) |
| Source: Sistema de Clasificación Bioclimática Mundial[21] |
History
Bindhyabasini Temple in the evening
Pokhara lies on an important old trading route between
China and
India.
In the 17th century it was part of the Kingdom of Kaski which was one
of the Chaubise Rajya (24 Kingdoms of Nepal, चौबिसे राज्य) ruled by a
branch of the Shah Dynasty.
[22] Many of the hills around Pokhara still have medieval ruins from this time. In 1786
Prithvi Narayan Shah added Pokhara into his kingdom. It had by then become an important trading place on the routes from Kathmandu to
Jumla and from India to Tibet.
[23]
Pokhara was envisioned as a commercial center by the King of Kaski in the mid 18th century A.D.
[24] when
Newars of Bhaktapur migrated to Pokhara, upon being invited by the king, and settled near main business locations such as
Bindhyabasini temple, Nalakomukh and Bhairab Tole. Most of the Pokhara, at the time, was largely inhabited by
Khas[25] (
Brahmin,
Chhetri, Thakuri and
Dalits),
the major communities were located in Parsyang, Malepatan, Pardi and
Harichowk areas of modern Pokhara and the Majhi community near the
Phewa Lake.
[26] The establishment of a British recruitment camp brought larger
Magar and
Gurung communities to Pokhara.
[27] At present the
Khas,
Gurung (Tamu) and
Magar form the dominant community of Pokhara. There is also a sizeable
Newari population in the city.
[28] A small
Muslim community is located on eastern fringes of Pokhara generally called
Miya Patan. Batulechaur in the far north of Pokhara is home to the
Gandharvas or Gaaineys (the tribe of the musicians).
[29]
The nearby hill villages around Pokhara are a mixed community of
Khas and
Gurung.
[30]
Small Magar communities are also present mostly in the southern
outlying hills. Newar community is almost non-existent in the villages
of outlying hills outside the Pokhara city limits.
From 1959 to 1962 approximately 300,000 exiles entered Nepal from neighbouring
Tibet following its annexation by
China. Most of the Tibetan exiles then sought asylum in
Dharamshala and other Tibetan exile communities in India. According to
UNHCR, since 1989, approximately 2500 Tibetans cross the border into Nepal each year,
[31]
many of whom arrive in Pokhara typically as a transit to Tibetan exile
communities in India. About 50,000 - 60,000 Tibetan exiles reside in
Nepal, and approximately 20,000 of the exiled Tibetans live in one of
the 12 consolidated camps, 8 in Kathmandu and 4 in and around Pokhara.
The four Tibetan settlements in Pokhara are Jampaling, Paljorling, Tashi
Ling, and Tashi Palkhiel. These camps have evolved into well built
settlements, each with a
gompa (Buddhist monastery),
chorten and its particular architecture, and Tibetans have become a visible minority in the city.
[32]
Until the end of the 1960s the town was only accessible by foot and
it was considered even more a mystical place than Kathmandu. The first
road was completed in 1968 (Siddhartha Highway)
[33] after which tourism set in and the city grew rapidly.
[34] The area along the Phewa lake, called Lake Side, has developed into one of the major tourism hubs of Nepal.
[35]
Temple and Gumba[36]
There are many tempels inside pokhara valley.Some temples are as follows :
- Barahi temple ( middle of pewa lake)
- Bindhyabasini Temple
- Sitaladevi Temple
- Mudula Karki Kulayan Mandir
- Bhadrakali Temple
- Kumari Temple
- Akalaa Temple
- Kedareshowrn Temple
and some gumbas are
Location
The municipality of Pokhara spans 12 km from north to south and 6 km
from east to west but, unlike the capital Kathmandu, it is quite loosely
built up and still has much green space.
[37]
The valley is approximately divided into four to five parts by the
rivers Seti, Bijayapur, Bagadi and Fusre. The Seti Gandaki flowing
through the city from north to south divides the city roughly in two
halves with the business area of Chipledunga in the middle, the old town
centre of Bagar in the north and the tourist district of Lakeside
(Baidam) to the south all lying on the western side of the river.
[38]
The gorge through which the river flows is crossed at five places at
K.I. Singh Pul, Mahendra Pul and Prithvi Highway Pul from north to south
of the city respectively. The floor of the valley is plain and
resembles
Terai due to its gravel like surface and has slanted orientation from northwest to southeast. The city is surrounded by the hills
[39] overlooking the entire valley.
Phewa Lake was slightly enlarged by damming which poses a risk of silting up due of the inflow during the
monsoon.
[40] The outflowing water is partially used for
hydropower generation.
[41]
The dam collapsed in 1974 which resulted in draining of its water and
exposing the land leading to illegal land encroachment, since then the
dam has been rebuilt.
[42] The power plant is located about 100 m below at the bottom of the
Phusre Khola
gorge. Water from Phewa is diverted for irrigation into the southern
Pokhara valley. The eastern Pokhara Valley receives irrigation water
through a canal running from a reservoir by the Seti in the north of the
city. Some parts of Phewa lake are used as commercial cage fisheries.
[43]
Most of the tourists visiting Pokhara begin and end trek to the
Annapurna Base Camp and [[./Mustang (kingdom)|Mustang]]. The tourist
district is along the north shore of the lake (Baidam, Lakeside and
Damside). It is mainly made up of small shops, non-star tourist hotels,
restaurants and [[./Bar (establishment)|bar]]s. Most upscale and starred
hotels are on the southern and south-eastern fringes of the city where
there are more open lands and therefore unhindered view of the
mountains. To the east of the Pokhara valley, in
Lekhnath municipality, there are seven smaller lakes such as
Begnas Lake and Rupa Lake. Begnas Tal is also known for its fishery projects.
[44]
Purano Bazar, Nalakomukh, Pokhara, Nepal
Radhakrishna Temple, Bindhyabasini, Pokhara
Tourism and economy
International Mountain Museum at Ratopahiro, Pokhara
After the annexation of
Tibet by
China leading to the
Indo-China war in 1962, the old trading route to
India
from Tibet through Pokhara became defunct. Today only few caravans from
[[./Mustang (kingdom)|Mustang]] arrive in Bagar. In recent decades,
Pokhara has become a major tourist destination in the world.
[45] in
South Asia mainly for adventure tourism and the base for the famous
Annapurna Circuit trek. Thus, a major contribution to the local economy comes from the tourism and hospitality industry.
[46]
There are two 5-star hotels and approximately 305 other hotels that
includes five 3-star, fifteen 2-star and non-star hotels in the city.
[47]
Pokhara is worlds first finest natural modern city known as City of
Nature and a live HD Cinema ;
however, many medieval era temples (Barahi temple, Bindhyabasini,
Bhadrakali, Sitaldevi, Gita mandir temple, Bhimsen temple) and old
newari houses are still a part of the city (Bagar, Bindhyabasini,
Bhairab Tole, etc.). The modern commercial city centres are at
Chipledhunga and Mahendrapul (recently renamed as Bhimsen Chowk).
The city promotes two major hilltops as its viewpoints to view the city and surrounding panaroma,
World Peace Pagoda built in 1996 across the southern shore of Phewa lake and
Sarangkot which is located northwest of the city. In February 2004, International Mountain Museum (IMM)
[48]
was opened for public in Ratopahiro to boost city's tourism
attractions. Other museums in the city are Pokhara Regional Museum, an
ethnographic museum, Annapurna Natural History Museum
[49]
which houses preserved specimens of flora and fauna, and contains
particularly extensive collection of the butterflies, found in the
Western and (
ACAP) region of
Nepal; and Gurkha Museum featuring history of the
Gurkha Soldiers.
[50]
Since 1990s Pokhara has experienced rapid urbanization and as a
result service and industries sectors have increasingly contributed to
the local economy
[51]
overtaking the traditional agriculture. The major contributors to the
economy of Pokhara are manufacturing and service sector including
tourism; agriculture and the foreign and domestic remittances. Tourism,
service sector & manufacturing contributes approximately 58% to the
economy, remittances about 20% and the agriculture nearly 16%.
[52]
After the revolutionary People's Movement 2062/63 many changes
occurred in Nepal and Pokhara too. The most famous roundabout Prithvi
Chowk that lies on the Prithvi Highway was changed to Lakhan Chowk after
the name of Nepal's first Martyr. Prithvi Chowk is also known as China
Chowk by some old residents because during the construction of
Pokhara-Baglung highway Chinese camped there. Lakhan Chowk is a major
place of tourism and economic activities because of being near to Old
Bus Park, Lake Side and other places. Almost every city bus circulating
in Pokhara passes though Lakhan Chowk. New road, Chipledhunga,
Mahendrapul are major places of economic activities in Pokhara due to
various markets, malls and corporations.
Military
Pokhara region has a very strong military traditions with significant
number of its men being employed by the Nepali military, Indian army
and the British army.
[53] The Western Division HQ
[54] of the
Nepalese Army is stationed at Bijayapur, Pokhara and its Area of Responsibility (AOR) consists of the entire
Western Development Region of Nepal. The AOR of this Division is 29,398 km
2
and a total of 16 districts are under the Division. The population of
the AOR of Western Division is 4,571,013. Both British Army and the
Indian Army have regional recruitment and pensioners facilitation camps
in Pokhara. The British Gurkha Camp
[55] is located at Deep Heights in the northeast of the Pokhara city and the Indian Gorkha Pension Camp
[56] is in the south-western side of the city, Rambazar.
Hotels and Lodges
- Fulbari Resort ( 5 Star hotel )
- Fish Tail Lodge
- Fewa Prince
- Waterfront Resort
- Shangrila Village Resort
- Hotel Pokhara Grande
- Hotel Fewa Holiday Inn
- Castle Resort[57]
Education
The post higher secondary level educational institutions in Pokhara include
Prithivi Narayan Campus,
Pokhara University, Gandaki College of Engineering and Science,
[58] Pokhara Engineering College,
[59] IOE
Western Region Campus,
Pokhara University, Institute of Forestry - Pokhara Campus,
[60] Pokhara Nursing Campus affiliated to the Tribhuvan University
[61] and
Manipal College of Medical Science[62] affiliated to
Kathmandu University,
Kalika Campus, JMC (Janapriya Multiple Campus), Gandaki College of
Medical Sciences, Gandaki College of Engineering & Sciences, etc.
Educational Institutions
- Pokhara University
- Amar Singh Model Higher Secondary School
- Hill Point High School
- Global Colleglate Higher Secondary School
- Sital Devi Higher Secondary School
- Bhadrakali Higher Secondary School
- SOS Hermann Gmeiner School
- Pokhara Multimodel Campus
- Pokhara Higher Secondary School
- Littel Step Primary School
- Manipal College Of Medical Sciences
- Gandaki College Of Engineering and Science
- Indra Rajya Laxmi Secondary School
- Prithvi Narayan Campus
- Kaski Modernized Academy
- Tops Higher Secondary School
- Janapriya Multiple Campus
- Gandaki Boarding School
- Sagarmatha Higher Secondary School
- Diamond Higher Secondary School
- Janapriya Higher Secondary School
- Shree Chhorepatan Higher Secondary School
Hospitals
- Manipal Teaching Hospital
- Western Regional Hospital
- Himalayan Eye Hospital
- Fewa City Hospital
- Charak Hospital
- Gandaki Hospital
Transportation
Public transit: Pokhara has several bus routes, mainly running
the length of the city from north to south as well as east to west as
well to the nearby villages and towns. The public transport mainly
consists of buses, vans (locally known as micro-bus) and metered-taxis
(frequently meter rule is ignored and meter tampering is common, so the
locals almost always bargain with the driver before riding the taxi).
Intercity connections: Pokhara is well connected to rest of
the country through permanent road and air links. The main mode of
transportation are public buses and the
Purano Bus Park is the main hub for buses plying country wide. The all-season
Pokhara Airport with regular flights to
Kathmandu,
Mustang
are operated by various domestic and a few international airlines.
Construction of a new international airport started 2009 in the
southeast of the city.
[63]
Flights from Kathmandu to Pokhara take 30 minutes. Buddha Air, Yeti
Airlines and Simrik Air fly from Kathmandu's domestic terminal and they
can be purchased online from
Nepal Domestic Flights.
Rivers and lakes in and around Pokhara
Barahi Island Temple,
Phewa Lake (फेवा ताल), Pokhara
One of the many gorges formed by Seti river in Pokhara
Pokhara valley is rich in water sources. The major bodies of water in and around Pokhara are:
[64][65]
- Phewa Lake
- Begnas Lake
- Rupa Lake
- Seti Gandaki (Seti Khola)
- Gude Lake
- Neurani Lake
- Deepang Lake
- Maidi Lake
- Khastey Lake
- Bijayapur Khola
- Yamdi Khola
- Fedi Khola
- Kau Khola
- Fusre Khola
- Bagadi & Gaduwa (flows to Seti river)
- Harpan Khola (main source of Phewa laka)
- Pani Khola
- Kali Khola
- Bhalam Khola
- Bhurjung Khola
Sports
The sporting activities are mainly centered in the multipurpose stadium
Pokhara Rangasala
(or Annapurna Stadium) in Rambazaar. The popular sports are football,
cricket, volleyball, etc. The [[./Sahara Club (Pokhara)|Sahara Club]] is
one of the most active organizations promoting football in the city and
organizes a South Asian club-level annual tournament: the
Aaha Gold Cup.
[66] Additionally, the Kaski District Football Association (KDFA) organizes
Safal Pokhara Gold Cup,
[67] which is also a South Asian club-level tournament and
ANFA organizes local Kaski district club-level Balram KC memorial football tournament.
[68] There are several tennis courts and a golf course
[69] in the city. Nearby Sarangkot hill has developed as a good attraction for adventure activities such as
paragliding[70] and
skydiving.
[71] The Pokhara city marathon, high altitude marathon are some activities attracting mass participation.
[72] Adventure sports such as base jumping, paragliding, canyoning, rock climbing, etc. are targeted towards tourists.
[73][74]
Music
The universal instruments used in
Nepalese music include the
madal (small leather drum),
bansuri (bamboo flute), and [[./Sarangi (Nepali)|
saarangi]]. These instruments are prominent features of the traditional folk music (
lok gít or lok geet) in Pokhara, which is actually the western (Gandaki, Dhaulagiri and Lumbini) branch of Nepali
lok gít. Some examples of the music of this region are
Resham Firiri (रेशम फिरिरी)
[75] and
Khyalee Tune (ख्याली धुन).
[76] The
lok gít started airing in
Radio Nepal during 1950s and artists such as Jhalakman Gandharwa, Dharma Raj Thapa are considered pioneers in bringing the
lok git into mass media. During early and late 1990s, bands from Pokhara like
Nepathya started their very successful fusion of western rock and pop with traditional folk music.
[77] Since then several other musical groups in
Nepal have adopted the
lok-pop/rock
style producing dozens of albums every year. Another important part of
cultural music of western Nepal, and hence Pokhara, is the
Panché Baaja (पञ्चे बाजा), a traditional musical band performed generally during marriage ceremonies by the
damaai musicians.
[78]
The musical culture in Pokhara is quite dynamic and in recent years,
Western rock and roll, pop, rap and hip-hop are becoming increasingly
popular with frequently held musical concerts; however, the traditional
lok
and modern (semiclassical) Nepali music are predominantly favored by
the general populace. More musical concerts are held in Pokhara than in
any other city in the country.
[79][80]
Media
Media and communication were quite limited until the 1990s.
[81]
However, in the following decade there has been a proliferation of
private media in print, radio and television. There are 15 privately
owned local
FM
stations in Pokhara valley; an additional 4 FM stations from Kathmandu
have their relay broadcast stations in Pokhara, making a total of 19 FM
stations.
[82]
There are two local television stations: GoldenEye Television and
Gandaki Television. Approximately 10 national daily newspapers, in
Nepali are published in the city
[83][84]
along with several other weekly and monthly news magazines. All major
national newspapers published in Kathmandu have distributions in
Pokhara. A number of online news and entertainment-based websites are
also based in Pokhara.
[85]
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- Jump up ^ Blaikie, P. M.; Cameron, John; Seddon, John Davis (2005). "The Growth of Towns in West-Central Nepal". Nepal in Crisis: Growth and Stagnation at the Periphery. New Delhi, India: Adroit Publishers. pp. Chapter 6. ISBN 81-87392-19-3.
- Jump up ^ Onta, Pratyoush; Liechty, Mark; Tama, Seira (December 2005). Studies in Nepali History and Society (Mandala Book Point, Kathmandu: Centre for Social Research and Development, Nepal Studies Group) 10 (2): 290. ISSN 1025-5109.
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- Jump up ^ Frechette, Ann (2002). Tibetans in Nepal: The Dynamics of International Assistance Among a Community in Exile (Studies in forced Migration - Vol. 11 ed.). USA: Berghahn Books. p. 136. ISBN 1-57181-157-5.
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- Jump up ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples_in_Nepal#Kaski_District
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- Jump up ^ Childress, David Hatcher (1998). Lost Cities of China, Central Asia and India. Kempton, IL, USA: Adventures Unlimited Press. pp. 43–84. ISBN 0-932813-07-0.
- Jump up ^ Ross, Jamie; Gilbert, Robert (February 1999). "Lacustrine sedimentation in a monsoon environment: the record from Phewa Tal, middle mountain region of Nepal". Geomorphology 27 (3-4): 307–323. doi:10.1016/S0169-555X(98)00079-8. ISSN 0169-555X. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
- Jump up ^ Rai, Ash Kumar (2008). "Environmental Impact from River Damming for Hydroelectric Power Generation and Means of Mitigation". Hydro Nepal. Journal of Water, Energy and Environment 1 (2): 22–25. ISSN 1998-5452.
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- Jump up ^ Rai, Ash Kumar (2000). "Evaluation of natural food for planktivorous fish in Lakes Phewa, Begnas, and Rupa in Pokhara Valley, Nepal". Limnology 1 (2): 81–89. doi:10.1007/s102010070014.
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- Jump up ^ Zurick, David N. (1992). "Adventure Travel and Sustainable Tourism in the Peripheral Economy of Nepal". Annals of the Association of American Geographers 82 (4): 608–628. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1992.tb01720.x.
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- Jump up ^ Baniya, Lal Bahadur (2004). "Human Resource Development Practice in Nepalese Business Organizations: A Case Study of Manufacturing Enterprises in Pokhara". Journal of Nepalese Business Studies 1 (1): 58–68.
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- Jump up ^ Official Website. "Pension Paying Office at Pokhara". India: Indian Embassy, Nepal.
- Jump up ^ http://www.agoda.com/city/pokhara-np.html?type=1&site_id=1410012&url=http://www.agoda.com/city/pokhara-np.html&tag=6c2399a6-3e30-4cf3-9fb7-9c881c69f05f&device=c&network=g&adid=29168913440&rand=6991913891939893849&expid=&adpos=1s1&gclid=CKjL2pmv2bgCFeUE4godmjgAJQ&cklg=1
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- Jump up ^ Himalayan News Service (15 October 2011). "Pokhara to have international airport". The Himalayan Times (Kathmandu).
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- Jump up ^ Republica Sports (26 December 2009). "Pokhara Valley win football tournament". Republica (Kathmandu).
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- Jump up ^ Himalayan News Service (1 November 2010). "Pokhara skies offer divers a swell time". The Himalayan Times (Kathmandu).
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- Jump up ^ Gandharva, Tirtha Bd. "Resham Firiri". MetaLab & MusicNepal.
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- Jump up ^ Greene, Paul D. (Autumn, 2002 - Winter, 2003). "Nepal's "Lok Pop" Music: Representations of the Folk, Tropes of Memory, and Studio Technologies". Asian Music 34 (1): 43–65. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
- Jump up ^ Tingey, Carol (1994). Auspicious music in a changing society: The Dāmai musicians of Nepal. New Delhi, India: Heritage Publishers. ISBN 8170261937.
- Jump up ^ Acharya, Madhu Raman (2002). Nepal culture shift!: Reinventing Culture in the Himalayan Kingdom. New Delhi, India: Adroit Publishers. ISBN 978-8-18-739226-2.
- Jump up ^ Wallach, Jeremy; Berger, Harris M.; Greene, Paul D. (2011). "Metal and the Nation". Metal Rules the Globe: Heavy Metal Music Around the World. Durham, NC, USA: Duke University Press. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-8223-4733-0.
- Jump up ^ Wilmore, Michael (2008). Developing Alternative Media Traditions in Nepal. Langam, MD, USA: Lexington Books. ISBN 0-7391-2525-7.
- Jump up ^ Lin, Kong Yen; Dixit, Kunda (1 May 2009 - 7 May 2009). "Women on air". Nepali Times.
- Jump up ^ "आदर्श समाज राष्ट्रिय दैनिक".
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- Jump up ^ Kshetri, Indra Dhoj (2008). "Online News Portals in Nepal: An Overview". Bodhi: An Interdisciplinary Journal 2 (1): 260–267. doi:10.3126/bodhi.v2i1.2876. ISSN 2091-0479.
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